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Study library

Each entry is checked against the original paper and labelled with its design and population, so a rat study never reads like a human trial. Why that matters.

Semaglutide studies (16)

Semaglutide: what the research shows and the doses each study used

Tirzepatide studies (12)

Tirzepatide: what the research shows and the doses each study used

Retatrutide studies (9)

Retatrutide: what the research shows and the doses each study used

Randomised controlled trial · humanEfficacy and safety of retatrutide, a GIP, GLP-1, and glucagon receptor agonist, in people with type 2 diabetes and inadequate glycaemic control with diet and exercise (TRANSCEND-T2D-1): a double-blind, randomised, phase 3 trialThe Lancet, 2026 Randomised controlled trial · humanRetatrutide, a Triple Hormone Receptor Agonist, for Treatment of ObesityNew England Journal of Medicine, 2026 Randomised controlled trial · humanRetatrutide in adults with obesity and type 2 diabetes (TRIUMPH-2): a double-blind, parallel-group, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trialThe Lancet, 2026 Randomised controlled trial · humanRetatrutide Once Weekly for Treatment of Obstructive Sleep ApneaNew England Journal of Medicine, 2026 Randomised controlled trial · humanTriple hormone receptor agonist retatrutide for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: a randomized phase 2a trialNature Medicine, 2024 Randomised controlled trial · humanTriple-Hormone-Receptor Agonist Retatrutide for Obesity — A Phase 2 TrialNew England Journal of Medicine, 2023 Randomised controlled trial · humanRetatrutide, a GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon receptor agonist, for people with type 2 diabetes: a randomised, double-blind, placebo and active-controlled, parallel-group, phase 2 trial conducted in the USAThe Lancet, 2023 Animal study · mouseLY3437943, a novel triple glucagon, GIP, and GLP-1 receptor agonist for glycemic control and weight loss: From discovery to clinical proof of conceptCell Metabolism, 2022 Randomised controlled trial · humanLY3437943, a novel triple GIP, GLP-1, and glucagon receptor agonist in people with type 2 diabetes: a phase 1b, multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised, multiple-ascending dose trialThe Lancet, 2022

BPC-157 studies (17)

BPC-157: what the research shows and the doses each study used

Review · humanHuman evidence for BPC-157 in orthopaedic and regenerative medicine: a systematic review of efficacy and safetyActa Orthopaedica Belgica, 2026 Case series · humanSafety of Intravenous Infusion of BPC157 in Humans: A Pilot StudyAlternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 2025 Review · otherEmerging Use of BPC-157 in Orthopaedic Sports Medicine: A Systematic ReviewHSS Journal, 2025 Review · otherRegeneration or Risk? A Narrative Review of BPC-157 for Musculoskeletal HealingCurrent Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine, 2025 Open-label trial · humanEffect of BPC-157 on Symptoms in Patients with Interstitial Cystitis: A Pilot StudyAlternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 2024 Animal study · otherPharmacokinetics, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of body-protective compound 157, a potential drug for treating various wounds, in rats and dogsFrontiers in Pharmacology, 2022 Observational · humanIntra-Articular Injection of BPC 157 for Multiple Types of Knee PainAlternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 2021 Animal study · otherPreclinical safety evaluation of body protective compound-157, a potential drug for treating various woundsRegulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 2020 Animal study · ratTherapeutic potential of pro-angiogenic BPC157 is associated with VEGFR2 activation and up-regulationJournal of Molecular Medicine, 2017 Animal study · ratBody protective compound-157 enhances alkali-burn wound healing in vivo and promotes proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis in vitroDrug Design, Development and Therapy, 2015 In vitro · cell culturePentadecapeptide BPC 157 enhances the growth hormone receptor expression in tendon fibroblastsMolecules, 2014 In vitro · cell cultureThe promoting effect of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on tendon healing involves tendon outgrowth, cell survival, and cell migrationJournal of Applied Physiology, 2011 Animal study · ratPentadecapeptide BPC 157 (PL 14736) improves ligament healing in the ratJournal of Orthopaedic Research, 2010 Animal study · ratGastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and short bowel syndrome in ratsDigestive Diseases and Sciences, 2009 Animal study · ratPentadecapeptide BPC 157, in clinical trials as a therapy for inflammatory bowel disease (PL14736), is effective in the healing of colocutaneous fistulas in rats: role of the nitric oxide-systemJournal of Pharmacological Sciences, 2008 Animal study · ratEnhancement by PL 14736 of granulation and collagen organization in healing wounds and the potential role of egr-1 expressionEuropean Journal of Pharmacology, 2007 Animal study · ratGastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 accelerates healing of transected rat Achilles tendon and in vitro stimulates tendocytes growthJournal of Orthopaedic Research, 2003

TB-500 studies (13)

TB-500: what the research shows and the doses each study used

Animal study · ratEffects of BPC-157 and TB-500 on Achilles tendon healing in rats: A histopathological and biomechanical studyJoint Diseases and Related Surgery, 2026 Review · otherSafety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic PerformanceSports Medicine, 2026 Animal study · ratSimultaneous quantification of TB-500 and its metabolites in in-vitro experiments and rats by UHPLC-Q-Exactive orbitrap MS/MS and their screening by wound healing activities in-vitroJournal of Chromatography B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences, 2024 Randomised controlled trial · humanA first-in-human, randomized, double-blind, single- and multiple-dose, phase I study of recombinant human thymosin β4 in healthy Chinese volunteersJournal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, 2021 Randomised controlled trial · humanThymosin β4 significantly improves signs and symptoms of severe dry eye in a phase 2 randomized trialCornea, 2015 Randomised controlled trial · humanThymosin beta 4 ophthalmic solution for dry eye: a randomized, placebo-controlled, Phase II clinical trial conducted using the controlled adverse environment (CAE™) modelClinical Ophthalmology, 2015 In vitro · otherSynthesis and characterization of the N-terminal acetylated 17-23 fragment of thymosin beta 4 identified in TB-500, a product suspected to possess doping potentialDrug Testing and Analysis, 2012 Animal study · otherDoping control analysis of TB-500, a synthetic version of an active region of thymosin β4, in equine urine and plasma by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometryJournal of Chromatography A, 2012 Randomised controlled trial · humanA randomized, placebo-controlled, single and multiple dose study of intravenous thymosin beta4 in healthy volunteersAnnals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2010 Randomised controlled trial · humanThe effect of thymosin treatment of venous ulcersAnnals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2010 Animal study · mouseThymosin beta4 activates integrin-linked kinase and promotes cardiac cell migration, survival and cardiac repairNature, 2004 Animal study · mouseThymosin beta 4 and a synthetic peptide containing its actin-binding domain promote dermal wound repair in db/db diabetic mice and in aged miceWound Repair and Regeneration, 2003 Animal study · ratThymosin beta4 accelerates wound healingJournal of Investigative Dermatology, 1999

GHK-Cu studies (11)

GHK-Cu: what the research shows and the doses each study used

Review · otherRegenerative and Protective Actions of the GHK-Cu Peptide in the Light of the New Gene DataInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2018 Animal study · ratTripeptide-copper complex GHK-Cu (II) transiently improved healing outcome in a rat model of ACL reconstructionJournal of Orthopaedic Research, 2015 In vitro · cell cultureA gene expression signature of emphysema-related lung destruction and its reversal by the tripeptide GHKGenome Medicine, 2012 In vitro · otherHuman skin retention and penetration of a copper tripeptide in vitro as function of skin layer towards anti-inflammatory therapyInflammation Research, 2010 Randomised controlled trial · humanEffects of topical copper tripeptide complex on CO2 laser-resurfaced skinArchives of Facial Plastic Surgery, 2006 Animal study · ratThe effect of topical tripeptide-copper complex on healing of ischemic open woundsVeterinary Surgery, 2003 Randomised controlled trial · humanEnhanced healing of ulcers in patients with diabetes by topical treatment with glycyl-l-histidyl-l-lysine copperWound Repair and Regeneration, 1994 Animal study · ratIn vivo stimulation of connective tissue accumulation by the tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu2+ in rat experimental woundsJournal of Clinical Investigation, 1993 Randomised controlled trial · humanA prospective randomized evaluator-blinded trial of two potential wound healing agents for the treatment of venous stasis ulcersJournal of Vascular Surgery, 1992 In vitro · cell cultureStimulation of collagen synthesis in fibroblast cultures by the tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu2+FEBS Letters, 1988 In vitro · cell cultureGrowth-modulating plasma tripeptide may function by facilitating copper uptake into cellsNature, 1980

Ipamorelin studies (10)

Ipamorelin: what the research shows and the doses each study used

Observational · otherAnalysis of new growth promoting black market productsGrowth Hormone & IGF Research, 2018 Randomised controlled trial · humanProspective, randomized, controlled, proof-of-concept study of the Ghrelin mimetic ipamorelin for the management of postoperative ileus in bowel resection patientsInternational Journal of Colorectal Disease, 2014 Animal study · ratEfficacy of ipamorelin, a ghrelin mimetic, on gastric dysmotility in a rodent model of postoperative ileusJournal of Experimental Pharmacology, 2012 Animal study · ratEfficacy of ipamorelin, a novel ghrelin mimetic, in a rodent model of postoperative ileusJournal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 2009 Animal study · ratThe growth hormone secretagogue ipamorelin counteracts glucocorticoid-induced decrease in bone formation of adult ratsGrowth Hormone & IGF Research, 2001 Animal study · ratThe GH secretagogues ipamorelin and GH-releasing peptide-6 increase bone mineral content in adult female ratsJournal of Endocrinology, 2000 Open-label trial · humanPharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of ipamorelin, a growth hormone releasing peptide, in human volunteersPharmaceutical Research, 1999 Animal study · ratIpamorelin, a new growth-hormone-releasing peptide, induces longitudinal bone growth in ratsGrowth Hormone & IGF Research, 1999 Animal study · otherIpamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogueEuropean Journal of Endocrinology, 1998 Animal study · ratPharmacokinetic evaluation of ipamorelin and other peptidyl growth hormone secretagogues with emphasis on nasal absorptionXenobiotica, 1998

CJC-1295 studies (6)

CJC-1295: what the research shows and the doses each study used

Observational · otherIdentification of CJC-1295, a growth-hormone-releasing peptide, in an unknown pharmaceutical preparationDrug Testing and Analysis, 2010 Open-label trial · humanActivation of the GH/IGF-1 axis by CJC-1295, a long-acting GHRH analog, results in serum protein profile changes in normal adult subjectsGrowth Hormone & IGF Research, 2009 Randomised controlled trial · humanProlonged stimulation of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I secretion by CJC-1295, a long-acting analog of GH-releasing hormone, in healthy adultsJournal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 2006 Open-label trial · humanPulsatile secretion of growth hormone (GH) persists during continuous stimulation by CJC-1295, a long-acting GH-releasing hormone analogJournal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 2006 Animal study · mouseOnce-daily administration of CJC-1295, a long-acting growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) analog, normalizes growth in the GHRH knockout mouseAmerican Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2006 Animal study · ratHuman growth hormone-releasing factor (hGRF)1-29-albumin bioconjugates activate the GRF receptor on the anterior pituitary in rats: identification of CJC-1295 as a long-lasting GRF analogEndocrinology, 2005

MOTS-c studies (9)

MOTS-c: what the research shows and the doses each study used

Review · otherMitochondrial-Encoded Peptide MOTS-c, Diabetes, and Aging-Related DiseasesDiabetes & Metabolism Journal, 2023 Animal study · mouseMOTS-c is an exercise-induced mitochondrial-encoded regulator of age-dependent physical decline and muscle homeostasisNature Communications, 2021 Observational · humanA pro-diabetogenic mtDNA polymorphism in the mitochondrial-derived peptide, MOTS-cAging, 2021 Observational · humanAcute endurance exercise stimulates circulating levels of mitochondrial-derived peptides in humansJournal of Applied Physiology, 2021 Observational · humanIncreased expression of the mitochondrial derived peptide, MOTS-c, in skeletal muscle of healthy aging men is associated with myofiber compositionAging, 2020 Animal study · mouseMOTS-c peptide regulates adipose homeostasis to prevent ovariectomy-induced metabolic dysfunctionJournal of Molecular Medicine, 2019 Observational · humanMitochondrial-Derived Peptides Are Down Regulated in Diabetes SubjectsFrontiers in Endocrinology, 2019 In vitro · cell cultureThe Mitochondrial-Encoded Peptide MOTS-c Translocates to the Nucleus to Regulate Nuclear Gene Expression in Response to Metabolic StressCell Metabolism, 2018 Animal study · mouseThe mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c promotes metabolic homeostasis and reduces obesity and insulin resistanceCell Metabolism, 2015

Epitalon studies (11)

Epitalon: what the research shows and the doses each study used

Review · otherEpitalon and Epithalamin: A Narrative Review of Mechanistic, Preclinical, and Clinical EvidenceInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2026 In vitro · cell cultureEpitalon increases telomere length in human cell lines through telomerase upregulation or ALT activityBiogerontology, 2025 Review · otherOverview of Epitalon-Highly Bioactive Pineal Tetrapeptide with Promising PropertiesInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2025 In vitro · cell cultureAEDG Peptide (Epitalon) Stimulates Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis during Neurogenesis: Possible Epigenetic MechanismMolecules, 2020 Open-label trial · humanNormalizing effect of the pineal gland peptides on the daily melatonin rhythm in old monkeys and elderly peopleAdvances in Gerontology (Uspekhi Gerontologii), 2007 Animal study · otherPineal peptides restore the age-related disturbances in hormonal functions of the pineal gland and the pancreasExperimental Gerontology, 2005 In vitro · cell culturePeptide promotes overcoming of the division limit in human somatic cellBulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine, 2004 In vitro · cell cultureEpithalon peptide induces telomerase activity and telomere elongation in human somatic cellsBulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine, 2003 Animal study · mouseEffect of Epitalon on biomarkers of aging, life span and spontaneous tumor incidence in female Swiss-derived SHR miceBiogerontology, 2003 Randomised controlled trial · humanPeptides of pineal gland and thymus prolong human lifeNeuro Endocrinology Letters, 2003 Open-label trial · humanPineal-regulating tetrapeptide epitalon improves eye retina condition in retinitis pigmentosaNeuro Endocrinology Letters, 2002

Selank studies (8)

Selank: what the research shows and the doses each study used

In vitro · otherThe occurrence of putative cognitive enhancing research peptides in seized pharmaceutical preparations: An incentive for controlling agencies to prepare for future encounters of the kindDrug Testing and Analysis, 2020 Animal study · ratPeptide Selank Enhances the Effect of Diazepam in Reducing Anxiety in Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress Conditions in RatsBehavioural Neurology, 2017 Animal study · ratSelank Administration Affects the Expression of Some Genes Involved in GABAergic NeurotransmissionFrontiers in Pharmacology, 2016 Open-label trial · humanOptimization of the treatment of anxiety disorders with selankZhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova, 2015 Open-label trial · humanA comparison of the anxiolytic effect and tolerability of selank and phenazepam in the treatment of anxiety disordersZhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova, 2014 Open-label trial · humanEfficacy and possible mechanisms of action of a new peptide anxiolytic selank in the therapy of generalized anxiety disorders and neurastheniaZhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova, 2008 Open-label trial · humanImmunomodulatory effects of selank in patients with anxiety-asthenic disordersZhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova, 2008 In vitro · otherThe inhibitory effect of Selank on enkephalin-degrading enzymes as a possible mechanism of its anxiolytic activityBulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine, 2001

Semax studies (8)

Semax: what the research shows and the doses each study used

In vitro · otherThe occurrence of putative cognitive enhancing research peptides in seized pharmaceutical preparations: An incentive for controlling agencies to prepare for future encounters of the kindDrug Testing and Analysis, 2020 Open-label trial · humanThe efficacy of semax in the treatment of patients at different stages of ischemic strokeZhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova, 2018 Randomised controlled trial · humanEffects of Semax on the Default Mode Network of the BrainBulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine, 2018 Animal study · ratThe peptide semax affects the expression of genes related to the immune and vascular systems in rat brain focal ischemia: genome-wide transcriptional analysisBMC Genomics, 2014 Animal study · ratSemax and Pro-Gly-Pro activate the transcription of neurotrophins and their receptor genes after cerebral ischemiaCellular and Molecular Neurobiology, 2010 Open-label trial · humanThe study of chronic partial denervation and quality of life in patients with motor neuron disease treated with semaxZhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova, 2007 Animal study · ratSemax, an analog of ACTH(4-10) with cognitive effects, regulates BDNF and trkB expression in the rat hippocampusBrain Research, 2006 Open-label trial · humanSemax in prevention of disease progress and development of exacerbations in patients with cerebrovascular insufficiencyZhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova, 2005

PT-141 studies (10)

PT-141: what the research shows and the doses each study used

Review · humanSafety Profile of Bremelanotide Across the Clinical Development ProgramJournal of Women's Health, 2022 Review · humanRe-Analyzing Phase III Bremelanotide Trials for "Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder" in WomenJournal of Sex Research, 2021 Randomised controlled trial · humanBremelanotide for the Treatment of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: Two Randomized Phase 3 TrialsObstetrics & Gynecology, 2019 Open-label trial · humanLong-Term Safety and Efficacy of Bremelanotide for Hypoactive Sexual Desire DisorderObstetrics & Gynecology, 2019 Randomised controlled trial · humanUsefulness of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring to assess the melanocortin receptor agonist bremelanotideJournal of Hypertension, 2017 Randomised controlled trial · humanBremelanotide for female sexual dysfunctions in premenopausal women: a randomized, placebo-controlled dose-finding trialWomen's Health, 2016 Randomised controlled trial · humanAn effect on the subjective sexual response in premenopausal women with sexual arousal disorder by bremelanotide (PT-141), a melanocortin receptor agonistJournal of Sexual Medicine, 2006 Randomised controlled trial · humanDouble-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of the safety, pharmacokinetic properties and pharmacodynamic effects of intranasal PT-141, a melanocortin receptor agonist, in healthy males and patients with mild-to-moderate erectile dysfunctionInternational Journal of Impotence Research, 2004 Randomised controlled trial · humanEvaluation of the safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of subcutaneously administered PT-141, a melanocortin receptor agonist, in healthy male subjects and in patients with an inadequate response to ViagraInternational Journal of Impotence Research, 2004 Animal study · ratSelective facilitation of sexual solicitation in the female rat by a melanocortin receptor agonistProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2004

Thymosin Alpha-1 studies (10)

Thymosin Alpha-1: what the research shows and the doses each study used

Randomised controlled trial · humanThe efficacy and safety of thymosin α1 for sepsis (TESTS): multicentre, double blinded, randomised, placebo controlled, phase 3 trialBMJ, 2025 Randomised controlled trial · humanImmune enhancement in patients with predicted severe acute necrotising pancreatitis: a multicentre double-blind randomised controlled trialIntensive Care Medicine, 2022 Observational · humanThe effect of thymosin α1 on mortality of critical COVID-19 patients: A multicenter retrospective studyInternational Immunopharmacology, 2021 Randomised controlled trial · humanThe efficacy of thymosin alpha 1 for severe sepsis (ETASS): a multicenter, single-blind, randomized and controlled trialCritical Care, 2013 Randomised controlled trial · humanLarge randomized study of thymosin alpha 1, interferon alfa, or both in combination with dacarbazine in patients with metastatic melanomaJournal of Clinical Oncology, 2010 Open-label trial · humanPharmacokinetics of thymosin alpha1 after subcutaneous injection of three different formulations in healthy volunteersInternational Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 1999 Randomised controlled trial · humanThymosin alpha1 treatment of chronic hepatitis B: results of a phase III multicentre, randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled studyJournal of Viral Hepatitis, 1999 Randomised controlled trial · humanEfficacy of thymosin alpha1 in patients with chronic hepatitis B: a randomized, controlled trialHepatology, 1998 Randomised controlled trial · humanCombination therapy with thymosin alpha1 and interferon for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C infection: a randomized, placebo-controlled double-blind trialHepatology, 1998 In vitro · otherThymosin alpha1: isolation and sequence analysis of an immunologically active thymic polypeptideProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1977

Tesamorelin studies (10)

Tesamorelin: what the research shows and the doses each study used

IGF-1 LR3 studies (7)

IGF-1 LR3: what the research shows and the doses each study used

Animal study · mouseIntranasal long R3 insulin-like growth factor-1 treatment promotes amyloid plaque remodeling in cerebral cortex but fails to preserve cognitive function in male 5XFAD miceJournal of Alzheimer's Disease, 2025 Observational · otherDetection of His-tagged Long-R³-IGF-I in a black market productGrowth Hormone & IGF Research, 2010 Animal study · ratInsulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) analogue, LR(3)IGF-I, ameliorates the loss of body weight but not of skeletal muscle during food restrictionGrowth Hormone & IGF Research, 2001 Animal study · otherIGF-I variants which bind poorly to IGF-binding proteins show more potent and prolonged hypoglycaemic action than native IGF-I in pigs and marmoset monkeysJournal of Endocrinology, 1997 Animal study · ratInsulin-like growth factor-I and more potent variants restore growth of diabetic rats without inducing all characteristic insulin effectsBiochemical Journal, 1993 In vitro · cell cultureNovel recombinant fusion protein analogues of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I indicate the relative importance of IGF-binding protein and receptor binding for enhanced biological potencyJournal of Molecular Endocrinology, 1992 Animal study · ratInsulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and especially IGF-I variants are anabolic in dexamethasone-treated ratsBiochemical Journal, 1992

AHK-Cu studies (2)

AHK-Cu: what the research shows and the doses each study used

In vitro · cell cultureVitamin C-linker-conjugated tripeptide AHK stimulates BMP-2-induced osteogenic differentiation of mouse myoblast C2C12 cellsDifferentiation, 2018 In vitro · cell cultureThe effect of tripeptide-copper complex on human hair growth in vitroArchives of Pharmacal Research, 2007

Kisspeptin-10 studies (12)

Kisspeptin-10: what the research shows and the doses each study used

Randomised controlled trial · humanChronic subcutaneous kisspeptin-10 stimulates gonadotropin secretion for 12 days in healthy menEuropean Journal of Endocrinology, 2026 In vitro · otherInvestigating the detection of the novel doping-relevant peptide kisspeptin-10 in urine using liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometryBiomedical Chromatography, 2024 Observational · humanUsing Kisspeptin to Predict Pubertal Outcomes for Youth With Pubertal DelayJournal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2020 Randomised controlled trial · humanDirect comparison of the effects of intravenous kisspeptin-10, kisspeptin-54 and GnRH on gonadotrophin secretion in healthy menHuman Reproduction, 2015 Open-label trial · humanExogenous kisspeptin administration as a probe of GnRH neuronal function in patients with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadismJournal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2014 Open-label trial · humanExploring the pathophysiology of hypogonadism in men with type 2 diabetes: kisspeptin-10 stimulates serum testosterone and LH secretion in men with type 2 diabetes and mild biochemical hypogonadismClinical Endocrinology, 2013 Open-label trial · humanKisspeptin-10 stimulation of gonadotrophin secretion in women is modulated by sex steroid feedbackHuman Reproduction, 2012 Open-label trial · humanKisspeptin administration to women: a window into endogenous kisspeptin secretion and GnRH responsiveness across the menstrual cycleJournal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2012 Open-label trial · humanKisspeptin-10 is a potent stimulator of LH and increases pulse frequency in menJournal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2011 Open-label trial · humanKisspeptin resets the hypothalamic GnRH clock in menJournal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2011 Open-label trial · humanThe effects of kisspeptin-10 on reproductive hormone release show sexual dimorphism in humansJournal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2011 Observational · humanThe GPR54 gene as a regulator of pubertyNew England Journal of Medicine, 2003

NAD+ studies (10)

NAD+: what the research shows and the doses each study used

Observational · humanIntravenous infusion of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) versus nicotinamide riboside (NR): a retrospective tolerability pilot study in a real-world settingFrontiers in Aging, 2026 Review · otherNAD⁺ supplementation for anti-aging and wellness: A PRISMA-guided systematic review of preclinical and clinical evidenceAgeing Research Reviews, 2026 Randomised controlled trial · humanThe NADPARK study: A randomized phase I trial of nicotinamide riboside supplementation in Parkinson's diseaseCell Metabolism, 2022 Randomised controlled trial · humanNicotinamide mononucleotide increases muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic womenScience, 2021 Randomised controlled trial · humanA Pilot Study Investigating Changes in the Human Plasma and Urine NAD+ Metabolome During a 6 Hour Intravenous Infusion of NADFrontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 2019 Randomised controlled trial · humanNicotinamide Riboside Augments the Aged Human Skeletal Muscle NAD(+) Metabolome and Induces Transcriptomic and Anti-inflammatory SignaturesCell Reports, 2019 Randomised controlled trial · humanChronic nicotinamide riboside supplementation is well-tolerated and elevates NAD(+) in healthy middle-aged and older adultsNature Communications, 2018 Randomised controlled trial · humanA randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial of nicotinamide riboside in obese men: safety, insulin-sensitivity, and lipid-mobilizing effectsAmerican Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2018 Review · otherTherapeutic Potential of NAD-Boosting Molecules: The In Vivo EvidenceCell Metabolism, 2018 Animal study · mouseLong-Term Administration of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Mitigates Age-Associated Physiological Decline in MiceCell Metabolism, 2016

SS-31 studies (13)

SS-31: what the research shows and the doses each study used

Research and education only. Not medical advice. Many peptides on this site are not approved by the FDA for human use. Doses shown are the ones used in published studies and are not a recommendation. Talk to a licensed clinician before using any of them. Read the full disclaimer.